Causes and treatments for temporomandibular disorders

What is the  Temporomandibular Joint?
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a joint that slides and rotates just in front of your ear, consisting of the temporal  bone (side and base of the skull) and the mandible (lower jaw). Mastication  (chewing) muscles connect the lower jaw to the skull, allowing you to move your jaw forward, sideways, and open and close.

The joint works properly when the lower jaw (mandible) and its joint (both  the right and left) are synchronized during movement. Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) may occur when the jaw twists during opening, closing or side-motion movements. These movements affect the jaw joint and the muscles that control  chewing.

What is Temporomandibular Disorder?
TMD describes a variety of conditions that affect jaw muscles, temporomandibular joints, and nerves associated with chronic facial pain. Symptoms may occur on one or both sides of the face, head or jaw, or develop after an injury. TMD affects more than twice  as many women than men and is the most common non-dental related chronic  orofacial pain.

What causes TMD?
Normal function for this muscle group includes chewing, swallowing, speech and communication. Most experts suggest that certain  tasks, either mental or physical, cause or aggravate TMD, such as strenuous  physical tasks or stressful situations. Most discomfort is caused from overuse  of the muscles, specifically clenching or grinding teeth (bruxism).

These excessive habits tire the jaw muscles and lead to discomfort, such as  headaches or neck pain. Additionally, abnormal function can lead to worn or  sensitive teeth, traumatized soft tissues, muscle soreness, jaw discomfort when  eating, and temporal (side) headaches.

What TMD symptoms can I experience?

  • An earache without an infection 
  • Jaw pain or soreness that is more prevalent in the morning or late afternoon 
  • Jaw pain when you chew, bite or yawn 
  • Clicking when opening and closing your jaw 
  • Difficulty opening and closing your mouth 
  • Locked or stiff jaw when you talk, yawn, or eat 
  • Sensitive teeth when no dental problems can be found
What can I do to treat TMD?
The majority of cases can be treated by unloading  (resting) the joint, taking a non-aspirin pain reliever and practicing stress  management and relaxation techniques. It's important to break bad habits to ease the symptoms. Most treatment for TMD is simple, often can be done at home, and  does not need surgery. For example, control clenching or grinding during the day by sticking your tongue between your teeth. If you still experience pain, you  may be grinding or clenching your teeth at night. So see your dentist for a nighttime mouthguard.

Most people will experience relief with minor treatment. More severe cases  may be treated with physical therapy, ice and hot packs, posture training and orthopedic appliance therapy (splint). Eating soft foods and avoiding chewing  gum also will help relax the muscles.

Is TMD permanent?
The condition is often cyclical and may reoccur  during times of stress, good or bad. As the patient, you should be active in your treatment after seeing a dentist for a diagnosis regime by being aware of the causes of your jaw problems. Make routine dental appointments, so your  doctor can check TMD on a regular basis.

Sources
Giblisco, Joseph A. DDS, Charles McNeill, DDS, Harold T. Perry, DDS. Orofacial Pain; Understanding Temporomandibular (TMJ)  Disorders. Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois. 1994.
E. Mac Edington, DDS, MAGD, ABGD.
NIDR, Temporomandibular  Disorders, Bethesda, Maryland.
Wilkinson, Tom, "New patterns of dental  disease; Management of temporomandibular disorders." Australian Dental  Association News Bulletin, No. 246, July 1997.